Network Mechanisms in ECT: New Review in Biological Psychiatry

 Out on PubMed, from researchers at Northwestern University and UCLA, is this review:

Parsing the Network Mechanisms of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Leaver AM, Espinoza R, Wade B, Narr KL.Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Nov 26:S0006-3223(21)01796-0. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.016. Online ahead of print.PMID: 35120710 Review.

The abstract is copied below:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the oldest and most effective forms of neurostimulation, wherein electrical current is used to elicit brief, generalized seizures under general anesthesia. When electrodes are positioned to target frontotemporal cortex, ECT is arguably the most effective treatment for severe major depression, with response rates and times superior to other available antidepressant therapies. Neuroimaging research has been pivotal in improving the field's mechanistic understanding of ECT, with a growing number of magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrating hippocampal plasticity after ECT, in line with evidence of upregulated neurotrophic processes in the hippocampus in animal models. However, the precise roles of the hippocampus and other brain regions in antidepressant response to ECT remain unclear. Seizure physiology may also play a role in antidepressant response to ECT, as indicated by early positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and electroencephalography research and corroborated by recent magnetic resonance imaging studies. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and other brain regions during and after ECT, and their associations with antidepressant response. We also offer a mechanistic, circuit-level model that proposes that core mechanisms of antidepressant response to ECT involve thalamocortical and cerebellar networks that are active during seizure generalization and termination over repeated ECT sessions, and their interactions with corticolimbic circuits that are dysfunctional prior to treatment and targeted with the electrical stimulus.

Keywords: Antidepressant; Depression; Electroconvulsive therapy; MRI; Neuroimaging; Seizure.

The article is here.

This is a superb and sophisticated review that synthesizes much of the neuroimaging literature in a very useful way. The concept of considering brain physiology during each part of the sequence in ECT (anesthesia, seizure initiation, seizure propagation and seizure termination) is innovative, as is the highlighting of the cerebellum and thalamus in antidepressant response. (There's that cerebellum again...)

And of course, the idea that the hippocampus is not a unitary structure is well taken. Figure 4 is a tour de force!

While at times I have been skeptical of networks and circuits, this article brings them alive in a very believable way, thanks to the thoughtful and clear presentation.

I recommend a full and careful read, (~35 minutes) to all students/scholars of the mechanism of action of ECT.