ECT in Thailand: Nationwide Survey

Out on PubMed, from authors in Thailand, is this article:

Electroconvulsive Therapy Practice in Thailand: A Nationwide Survey.

Kittayarak K, Ittasakul P.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022 Oct 31;18:2477-2484. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S385598. eCollection 2022.PMID: 36338515

The abstract is copied below:

Objective: To determine the characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice in Thailand.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of ECT practice in Thailand was conducted. A questionnaire was sent to all 34 hospitals providing ECT services nationwide. ECT staff of each hospital were asked to complete the questionnaire.

Results: All 34 hospitals responded to the survey. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (5,958 patients/year), followed by bipolar disorder (982 patients/year) and major depressive disorder (869 patients/year). Brief pulse device was used in all hospitals. Bitemporal ECT was the most common type of electrode placement (88.2%), followed by bifrontal (44.1%) and right unilateral (38.2%) placement. The initial dose was determined by titration method in 24 hospitals (70.6%) and by age-based method in the remainder (29.4%). Modified ECT was always used in 25 hospitals (73.5%), including all university hospitals, 6 psychiatric hospitals (17.6%) and 10 general hospitals (29.4%). The primary anesthetics used were thiopentone (60.7%) and propofol (39.3%). Regarding acute ECT, ECT was performed three times per week in most hospitals (91.2%). The number of acute ECT treatment sessions in most hospitals was in the range of 4-6. In total, 22 hospitals (64.7%) performed continuation/maintenance ECT. Headache was the most common adverse event, followed by cognitive side effects and myalgia.

Conclusion: ECT practice in Thailand has developed over the past two decades in many aspects. The most notable change is that the majority of patients are now treated with modified ECT. In addition, pre-treatment investigations, use of a device providing a brief pulse, unilateral electrode placement, and the monitoring of parameters during treatment are now used more widely in practice to maximize treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. However, certain aspects of ECT can still be improved; promoting ECT education among psychiatrists and psychiatry residents could improve the quality of practice, for example.

Keywords: Thailand; acute ECT; continuation ECT; electroconvulsive therapy; maintenance ECT; survey.

And from the text:



This is a worthwhile contribution to the literature about ECT practice around the world. The survey data are well-presented. The only jarring finding is the ongoing use of unmodified ECT (in a minority of hospitals and much less than in a prior survey), due to resource shortage. The typical Asian predominance of patients with schizophrenia is noted.
Scholars of comparative international ECT practice will want to read this article in full, ~10 minutes.

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